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Modern Chinese History and Sociolinguistics

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 							Contents
 List of tables ix
 Preface xi
 Acknowledgements xiii
 List of abbreviations xiv
 1 Introduction 1
 Part I Modern Spoken Chinese 5
 2 Establishment and promotion of Modern Spoken Chinese
7
 2.1 Development of Standard Spoken Chinese before the
 late nineteenth century 7
 2.2 Establishment
and promotion of Modern Standard Chinese from the
 late nineteenth century until 1949 13
 2.3 Promotion of
pKtDnghuà after 1949 23
 2.4 Promotion of Modern Standard Chinese in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and
 Singapore
30
 3 Norms and variations of Modern Standard Chinese 34
 3.1 Phonology of Modern Standard Chinese 34

3.2 Difference between Modern Standard Chinese and the Beijing dialect 37
 3.3 Adulterated pKtDnghuà 41

3.4 Norms of Modern Standard Chinese outside mainland China 46
 4 The standard and dialects 50
 4.1 Dialects
in contact 50
 4.2 Socio-functional differentiation of Modern Standard Chinese and
 dialects 53
 4.3
Language policy towards dialects 57
 4.4 Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore 60
 Part II Modern Written Chinese
65
 5Development and promotion of Modern Written Chinese 67
 5.1 Old Written Chinese 67
 5.2 Emergence of
early Modern Written Chinese 68
 5.3 Replacement of wényánby báihuà as Standard Written Chinese 70
 5.4 Sources of and avenues of influence upon Modern Written Chinese 82
 5.5 Uses of wényánand báihuà
since the 1940s 87
 5.6 Establishment of Modern Written Chinese and status planning 88
 6 Norms and variations
of Modern Written Chinese 91
 6.1 Newly developed grammatical norms in Modern Written Chinese 91
 6.2 Regional
variations in the grammatical norms of Modern Written
 Chinese 97
 6.3 Newly developed lexical vii norms in
Modern Written Chinese 99
 6.4 Regional variations in the lexical norms of Modern Written Chinese 106
 6.5
Efforts of corpus planning in the development of Modern Written
 Chinese 109
 7 Dialect writing 114
 7.1
Single standard written language for dialects 114
 7.2 Causes of the under-development of dialect writing 115

7.3 Current endeavours in Taiwan toward dialect writing 121
 7.4 Implications of standardization of dialect writing
126
 Part III The modern Chinese writing system 129
 8 Basic features of the Chinese writing system 131

8.1 Typological characterization 131
 8.2 Brief history of the Chinese script 132
 8.3 Correlation between
script and language 136
 8.4 Merits of the Chinese script 139
 8.5 Motivation for reform 141
 8.6
Approaches to script reform 146
 9 Simplification of the traditional writing system 148
 9.1 Approaches to
simplification 148
 9.2 Simplification before the twentieth century 148
 9.3 Simplification in the twentieth
century 150
 9.4 Gains and problems 157
 9.5 Objections to the Second Scheme 159
 9.6 Simplification of
script outside mainland China 162
 10 Phonetization of Chinese 164
 10.1 Efforts by Western missionaries
164
 10.2 Schemes proposed by native Chinese 165
 10.3 Groupings of schemes 167
 10.4 Five representative
schemes 178
 10.5 Phonetization in Taiwan and elsewhere 189
 11 Use and reform of the Chinese writing system:
present and future 191
 11.1 Recent developments 191
 11.2 Change in policy on script reform 196
 11.3
Prospects of script reform 197
 12 Conclusion 202
 Notes 204
 References 210 						

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